Cell Phone Usage at Al Ittihad Model School Among Male Students

Cell Phone Usage at Al Ittihad Model School Among Male Students This study will utilize both qualitative and quantitative data since the study variables require that these two types of data be captured during the research process.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cell Phone Usage at Al Ittihad Model School Among Male Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Questionnaires will be used to collect the primary data since the study concerns variables that cannot be directly observed such as opinions, perceptions, and feelings of respondents. Such implicit feelings will only be collected through writing, and the questionnaire will be the best tool to collect both structured and semi-structured questions. The questionnaire will be in two parts. The first part will seek information on the background of the respondents, while the second part will obtain specific information on use of cell phones by the respondents under study. Both set of information collected through this quest ionnaire will therefore be qualitative and quantitative in nature. The data collected through questionnaires will then be entered into a database where statistical analyses will be done. The quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical programs such as SPSS while qualitative data will first be coded and then analyzed (Silver, 1993). After the finalization of data entry from the selected samples, the next step will be analysis of the data using descriptive statistics to determine the accuracy of the research objectives and hypotheses. In this case since our research study intends to investigate whether cell phone usage at Al Ittihad Model School among male students has any causal-effects, then my focus will be on analyzing descriptive statistics such as mean, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Variance and Standard Deviation among others (Silver, 1993). Both variance and the standard deviation are used to measure the variability of a dataset i.e. h ow widely the data is dispersed. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance; this will be relevant for our study since there are numerical data involved.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pearson Correlation Coefficient is a measure of linear dependence, referred as correlation between two variables of interest that occurs in a continuous format while mean is the average of a set of scores or measures (Silver, 1993); it is calculated by summing the scores and dividing with the number of observations. Study approach weaknesses Quantitative research method is mainly objective in nature and is largely concerned with research of the quantitative aspect of a study; as such it utilizes statistical tools in data collection, entry and analysis. The most widely used methods of data collection in this case are observations, tests, questionnaire, surveys and use o f existing statistical time series (Hoepfl, 1997). Qualitative research method on the other hand interprets, evaluates gathers and uses qualitative data study methods to examine qualitative facts; this method is very subjective when compared to quantitative method and is usually focused on the wider population than quantitative methods (Hoepfl, 1997). Case studies, observations and interviews are commonly used in collection of data in qualitative designed studies (Hoepfl, 1997). So because each method utilizes different tools in research, then each has also unique strengths and weaknesses and a combination of both approaches is the most ideal research design. Thus, by including both these methods in my research study, I have strengthened my research study. Weaknesses in qualitative research The data analyzed through the use of qualitative method lacks external and internal validity (Austvik, 2009). This is because the information generated is subjective in nature and it is paramoun t for the researcher to subjectively interpret the data including through use of their own experiences. Qualitative research method is mainly subjective; as such the research findings are subject to biasness of the researcher. In this type of research, the information generated may be impossible to validate since a large aspect of it is dependent on the experience of the researcher due to the subjective interpretation of the data that is involved. Data analysis in quantitative research is very challenging and time consuming since the data must first be coded before it can be interpreted. This requires skills and much experience to manage unlike the case in quantitative research A qualitative researcher must use natural setting which will be the context from which the data collection must be undertaken as this is essential because subjects of study in qualitative research cannot be investigated independently from their social environment. This is more challenging, costly and time con suming. Qualitative research lacks uniformity and reliability because responded have an option to ignore some concepts and chose others during data collection. Generally, qualitative research only uses small sample size in the research process since it does not largely base its findings on the sample size as compared to the quantitative research which mostly relies on large samples which is essential in this case because of its research design. The implication is that the data obtained is less reliable in the case of qualitative as compared to that of a quantitative research Weaknesses in quantitative research Quantitative research method is limited in analysis of subjective data since its focus is on numerical values/datasets Quantitative research method is limited in investigation of phenomena that requires postulation of hypotheses since the researchers in this case do not go beyond the data analyzed to find solutions to answers such as why, and how for instance In Quantitative research method it is very challenging to ensure generalization of results because of difficulties in ensuring randomization of sample is achieved and also due to lack of reasonable degree of population validity between the population itself and the selected cases. Plus given that the sample size is not a representative of the whole population.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cell Phone Usage at Al Ittihad Model School Among Male Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, like all research studies, quantitative research method is subject to bias. The major types of bias in quantitative research are undercoverage, non-response bias and voluntary response bias. Undercoverage bias occurs when a sample size does not meet the minimum number of cases of the larger population leading to under representation of the population. Non-responsiveness occurs when significant numbers of sample cases that have alre ady been chosen fails to respond by answering the required information. This compromises the quality of the research study and complicates the data analysis process. Finally, voluntary response bias occurs when sample cases are selected based on their voluntary choice. References Austvik, O. (2009). Strengths and weaknesses related to various empirical methods  in interdisciplinary fields like International Political Economy. Web. Hoepfl, M. ( 1997). Choosing Qualitative Research: a Primer for Technology  Education Researchers. Retrieved from https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/v9n1/hoepfl.html Silver, D. (1993). Interpreting Qualitative Data. London: Sage Publications.

Easy Baking Powder Substitution for Cooking

Easy Baking Powder Substitution for Cooking Are you doing any baking? If you find yourself having only baking soda and a recipe that calls for baking powder, or vice versa, do you know enough about cooking chemistry to make a substitution? All you need is a bit of cooking chemistry to save the day. Using Baking Powder When the Recipe Calls for Baking Soda You can substitute baking powder in place of baking soda, though you will need a bit more baking powder, because it contains additional ingredients. If the recipe calls for baking soda, use 2-4 times more baking powder. So, if the recipe uses 1/2 teaspoon baking soda, use at least 1 teaspoon baking powder. Another suggestion is to replace an acidic liquid in the recipe with a non-acidic one. For example, if you are doing a substitution and the recipe calls for buttermilk, youll get better results if you change to regular milk. Using Baking Soda When the Recipe Calls for Baking Powder You cant directly substitute baking soda if you are out of baking powder. However, you can make your own baking powder, using two parts cream of tartar and one part baking soda. It can get a bit tricky to get the measurements right if you only need 1 teaspoon of baking powder, so what you might want to do is mix up a small batch of homemade baking powder and save the rest for later (stored in a sealed container to keep moisture away). Mix together 1 teaspoon baking soda with 2 teaspoons cream of tartar. Then measure the amount of baking powder that you need from that mixture. Another variation on this recipe is to mix 1/4 teaspoon baking soda, 1/4 teaspoon corn starch, and 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar. This yields 1 teaspoon of baking powder, which also acts as a double-acting baking powder. Youll get the best results with this version if you use 1 teaspoon of the homemade baking powder for every 1 cup of flour in the recipe. If you use homemade baking powder, be sure to bake your recipe right away after mixing the ingredients. There are commercial baking powders that will allow you to let a recipe sit for a while before baking, but its generally a good plan to start heating the food immediately, since the reaction that causes baked goods to rise starts as soon as the wet ingredients are added. Notes About Baking Substitutions Substituting leavening agents such as baking powder and baking soda doesnt usually have a huge impact on flavor because these ingredients are present in fairly small amounts. However, you might notice a flavor or texture difference. It wont necessarily be bad. In fact, you might discover a new favorite recipe!

Middle east and west Asia Reading Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Middle east and west Asia Reading - Assignment Example Modernization and industrialization was accompanied by loss of independence. At the beginning of the 17th century, Japan used to exclude itself from all contact with any other nation (Annika & Bo 63). The warriors, samurai army and damaiyo used to offer protection to the peasants. During 1867, the Meiji ruling realized the ways of encountering the influence of the west, which was through modernization. It is this duration that the Japanese decided to select what was best from the Western civilization and practiced in the state. The Middle East also suffered from forced modernization where the nation had to learn the smooth acceptance of modernization and industrialization (Ashok & Sisodia 50). The modernization programs complemented the political and economic considerations under different cultural and social grounds. A major approach was to shut off illiteracy in the Middle East during forced modernization. The arrival of the west impacted on the Islamic world where it reduced to Europe-dependent bloc. The Muslims rejected the European paradigm and the felt humiliated because the Palestine lost to Zionism (Annika & Bo 63). The religious, economic, political and social structures forced the Muslims to make irreversible progress such as industrial production, ideals of democracy & progress, social modernization, investment capital and technology. Rabo, Annika, and Bo Utas. The Role of the State in West Asia: Papers Read at a Conference Held at the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 14-16 November 2002. Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2005.

Leadership in business management Research Paper

Leadership in business management - Research Paper Example He is like a captain of the ship. He or she brings all team members on a proper track of their objectives. The efficient leaders are needed in every organization for attaining both small scale and large scale goals. While describing the importance of the leadership, Marlene Caroselli, in her book, â€Å"Leadership Skills for Managers, says, â€Å"It is easy to make money. But leaders strive to make a difference. They are willing to make sacrifices and to inspire others to do the same.† [1] According to Peter Northouse, leadership is â€Å"a process of whereby an influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.†[2] Qualities of an ideal leader: There are five major traits or qualities of an ideal leader. Honesty Visionary Competent Inspiring Intelligent The great freedom fighter of India and the father of India Mahatma Gandhi was a perfect leader who had all the above mentioned traits in him. So he has always been the source of inspiration not only for the In dians but from the people all over the world. The uniqueness of his leadership lay in his unique doctrine of non-violence which was later adopted by Martin Luther King and many other leaders from all over the world. Leadership has the different styles like autocratic leadership, democratic leadership and free rein leadership. And the popularity of the leaders lies upon what method he uses in different circumstances. Napoleon was one of the most famous leaders in the world. He was a man of great vision and he would win the battle on the basis of this vision. Both Mahatma Gandhi and Napoleon understood the importance of winning people. Characteristics of good and bad leadership The success of any institution or any organization depends upon the leadership of that institution. Good leadership can shape the future while bad leadership can create disaster. Examples are two opposite leaders Mahatma Gandhi and Hitler. With an extraordinary unique and ideal leadership Mahatma Gandhi won the war of freedom. He fought the war with the unusual weapon of non violence and so his war is the only war which is known as a bloodless war. On the other hand Adolph Hitler’s leadership totally tends towards dictatorship, violence and bloodshed which led the people of Germany into anarchy and deterioration. The leader decides the future of his institute. Bad Leadership : Major Attributes Bad leadership is associated with the incompetence of the leader. While talking about the incompetence of the leadership, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, in his speech says, â€Å"Incompetent leaders are not necessarily incompetent in every aspect. Moreover, there are many ways of being incompetent. Some leaders lack practical, academic, or emotional intelligence.† Rigid leadership also is an example of bad leadership. The rigid leader is not ready to accept the changes. The changes are inevitable and they must be accepted and accordingly the leaders should adapt them. Adaptability means ac cepting the changes and adjusts ourselves according to the changing mode of circumstances. But if the leadership is rigid and refuse to accept the changes, the organization cannot survive in the modern world which tends to change consistently. Intemperate leadership is also risky for the organization. When the leader completely losses his control and is aided by his followers then he is no more capable of leading the people. Barbara Kellerman in her book â€Å"Bad Leadership,†

The Use of Image, Allegory, and Voice in Robert Frosts Poetry Essay Example for Free

The Use of Image, Allegory, and Voice in Robert Frosts Poetry Essay The poetry of Robert Frost was written in the early 1900s and have become a standard in American Poetry. Frost was a prolific author and poet who had the unique ability to effortlessly combined the rich and varied American landscape with modernized transcendental thinking. His poems continue to inspire poets, students, and casual readers. Many of his poems center around nature, his love for New England landscape, and the human experience. These poems are usually set in the colorful New England landscape at the onset of fall and memorializes the journey of one man forced to decide, choose, ponder, or reflect. He creates his point of view from his own personal experiences. After a close reading of his poems it is clear that Frost often asserted the same theme throughout his work. This theme was that of human choice and utilization of free will. Frost uses voice, imagery and imagery and allegory which develop a theme that life is about making hard choices and committing to those choices.   The central metaphor in the â€Å"Mending Wall† is the wall itself and Frost utilizes this as an allegoary. As the wall decays, the narrator and his neighbor repair, which maintains their relationship. However, the wall is also used by Frost as an symbol. The wall symbolism the metaphoric wall which human build to keep themselves safe and other out. Frost asserts that â€Å"There were it is we do not need the wall† (23) implying that while emotional wall exists, they are not needed. He believes that â€Å"something there is that doesnt love a wall† (1). Narrator cleverly explores that idea that if people were truthful with themselves they would have to confess they do not like the wall which separates one life from another. Perhaps this is the reason for the falling stones and the constant decay of the wall over time. Frost has the unique ability to bring together metaphysical thought and the beautiful New England landscape in rhyming text. There are several minor images within the poem which add to the mood and tone of the poem. The setting of the poem is springtime and can be seen in â€Å"frozen ground swell† (2), â€Å"spring mending time† (11), â€Å"in the sun† (3), and â€Å"spring is the mischief in me† (28). Spring is the time when life begins anew and there is great hope for the future. What matters is that the poem makes clear the fact that sometimes serious questions arise, questions that neighbors must decide. . The concept of being a good neighbor is American ideal and an universal experience. This poem is really a dialogue between Robert Frost and his uncle. His uncle was his hardest critic and pressured Frost to do succeed at school. When Frost attempted college several times and failed, his uncle talked him into running a farm for several years . Frost, while he respected his uncle, wanted him to mind his own business. He wishes that his uncle would be hopeful of the future and not try to dominate his present. Their relationship is reflected in the poem. Similarly, in Nothing Gold Can Stay, he explores another common experience that nothing good lasts forever with images. This is a reflection of his own experiences with loss and death. Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874, in San Francisco, where his father, of â€Å"irm New Hampshire stock, edited a newspaper. The paper was Democratic and Roberts full name is Robert Lee Frost, two facts which are usually taken to indicate the elder Frosts attitude to then-Republican New England. When Robert was eleven, his father died, and he and his schoolteacher mother crossed country and settled with relatives in Massachusetts. The poem opens with images offering the freshness of spring; but as in a dream, when one reaches for the object it is gone, Natures first green is gold (ln 1). Frost continues, Her hardest hue to hold (ln 2), this first green is of a delicate and transitory quality that is already disappearing even as it is being born. By line four the pattern is set. These desirable things are given, but not to keep. The process goes on as . . . leaf subsides to leaf (ln 5). Every human goes through the loss of innocence and learns the archetype of golden youthfulness and innocence was soon lost before the onslaught of the properties of the tree of knowledge. Frost also utilizes voice in his poetry to talk about the common human experience. This universal experience is exemplified in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Frost observes The woods are lovely, dark and deep / But I have promises to keep (ln 13-14). Narrator does not give in, and he makes sure he keeps his promises. The the forest is often a symbol in Frosts poetry. It is symbolic of tempting force which can make an individual off track. This of course is something that everyone in the world has gone through being tempted away from doing what an individual know is right and just . Frost through the utilization of literary devices explores the theme of universal experience. The idea of universal experience is a major reason that Frosts poetry is popular, well loved, and stood the test of time. Frosts personal experience can be traced through all his poetry but most elegantly in The Mending Wall, Nothing Gold Can Stay, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Works Cited DiYanni, Robert. Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Sixth Edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004.

Point of View in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay

Point of View in Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   The choice that a novelist makes in deciding the point of view for a novel is hardly a minor one. Few authors make the decision to use first person narration by secondary character as Ken Kesey does in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.   By choosing Bromden as narrator instead of the central character of Randle Patrick McMurphy, Kesey gives us narration that is objective, that is to say from the outside of the central character, and also narration that is subjective and understandably unreliable. The paranoia and dementia that fill Bromden's narration set a tone for the struggle for liberation that is the theme of the story. It is also this choice of narrator that leads the reader to wonder at the conclusion whether the story was actually that of McMurphy or Bromden. Kesey's choice of narrative technique makes One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest a successful novel. It would be hard to ignore biographical information when analyzing a work by Ken Kesey, because of both his involvement with the Beat writers and as an advocate for hallucinogenic drugs. In fact, it is said that Kesey created the narrator of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest during a peyote hallucination, when an Indian came to him (Tanner 21). While his choice of the Indian, a supposed deaf mute, as narrator seems out of the norm it is even more so when comparing Kesey to the other Beat writers. McMurphy can be compared closely to Dean Moriarty of Jack Kerouac's On The Road, but Bromden is nothing like Kerouac's narrator, Sal Paradise. Certainly the loud and boisterous McMurphy would have made for an interesting narrator for this novel but this would have provided for a very different ending. Even the... ...oo's Nest. Ed. George J. Searles. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1992. 5-11. Hunt, John W. "Flying the Cuckoo's Nest: Kesey's Narrator as Norm." Lex et Scientia 13 (1977): 27-32. Rpt. in A Casebook on Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Ed. George J. Searles. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1992. 13-23. Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. New York: Signet, 1962. Martin, Terence. "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and the High Cost of Living." Modern Fiction Studies. 19 (1973): 43-55. Rpt. in A Casebook on Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Ed. George J. Searles. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1992. 25-39. Semino, Elena and Kate Swindlehurst. "Metaphor and mind style in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest." Style 30 (1996): 143-67. Tanner, Stephen L. Ken Kesey. Boston: Twayne, 1983.

Myth on Aging Essay

There are many misconceptions when we talk about sex especially to old age generation. During the first day of class in HS 107, we talked about myths on aging. According to many people, they believed that â€Å"Majority of old people have no interest in, nor capacity for, sexual relations† (Facts on Aging Quiz). In our society, many people believe that older adults do not have sex when they reach the certain old age. Many argue that as you grow older your body becomes frail, thus, decreasing and diminishing sexual desire. Others believe that the sex â€Å"belong to the younger generations† (Schwartz, 2012). Since older adults are more prone to chronic disease, this means that we assume that they do not have a desire on having sexual intercourse. This myth persists This myth continues because not everyone has an open-mind when it comes to talking about older adults’ lifestyle. Many people believe that older adults should stay at home because they are fragile, and should not have any sexual thoughts anymore. Most of us believe that older adults that have sexual intercourse can give complications and might risk their health. Many younger generations including college students feel that it is uncomfortable when talking about older generations having sex. â€Å"College students were more surprised and disgusted by incidents of sexuality of those who were 70 to 75 than those who were 30 to 35† (Lochlainn & Kenny, 2013). Many in younger generations do not believe that older adults still have sex, and they feel appalled when somebody talks about it. Not only our generation avoids this issue, but the health care field as well. Langer-Most and Langer (2010) showed results that many doctors show very little interest when it comes to talking about sexual interaction with older adults. Many of them argued that this population does not have sex occasionally and it can be risky for their health. According to Connolly et al. (2012), when they asked physicians on whether they ask their patients about they sex life, they replied as being embarrassing for their profession. This is appalling of how a health care provider does not talk about sexual interaction when it comes to older generations. Because of embarrassment, many people closes this discussion and over generalize that older adults does not have any interest or have sex at all. The Reality Older Adults have interest and capacity for sexual interactions. Despite of getting older, many people still have sex whether younger generations like it or not. Regular sexual activity is a normal event, as you get older. There are several evidences that older generations tend to have sexual relations. According to Connolly et al. (2012), the study found that, â€Å"Among respondents ages 75-85, 54% of sexually active person reported having sex at least 2-3 times a month, and 23 percent reported having sex once a week or more. † This shows that our myth is not true that older adults do not have any interest when it comes to sexual interaction. Aging does not mean that once you hit a certain age, you will stop having interest on sex. Bradford and Meston (2007) accentuates that â€Å"Sexuality in older adults is often misunderstood, misrepresented or simply invisible. † We tend to avoid these conversations. Many of us over generalized and judge older people when they tell us that they have sex. Many people are being judged, which is harder for them to open and ask for help with these types of issue. We believe that older adults having sex is not necessary. However, according to Bradford and Meston (2007) studies have shown and according to â€Å"National Council on Aging (2005) reported that 71% of mean in their 60s and 57% of mean in their 70s engaged in sexual activity at least once per month. The studies have shown that there are greater amount of older adults that have sexual relations that we have normally expected. For older adults, it is normal for them to have sex; though we do not believe that this is true. Bradford and Meston (2007) explains that according to â€Å"American Association of Retired Persons reported that 62 % of mean and 51% of women between ages 60 and 69 believed that sexual activity is an important component of a good relationship. † Their study have shown older men and women have sex in order to continue their good relationship with their significant other since their intimacy is not the same as before. It is a positive aspect to have sex with your loved one when you get older. This way, you both can still connect despite of what you experience while getting older. As you grow older your body tends to slow down, which makes it harder to have sex when you suffer with some illness. However, this does not mean that you cannot have sex when your body starts to weaken, as you grow older. Mauk (2008) argued, â€Å"Normal aging changes include [†¦] diminished sex hormones. † Our sex hormones decreases as you grow older, but this does not mean we completely stop or does not have interest with sexual relations. Many older adults compromise with their illness when it comes to sex. For men, they experience erectile dysfunction, and the most common problem is achieving or maintaining an erection during the intercourse (Lochlainn & Kenny, 2013). Older men have these reproductive problems, and it is difficult for them to have sex when you have this issue. As for women, menopausal is the problem. When a woman reaches the menopausal stage, their vaginal wall begins to get thinner, and the lubrication production decreases. Despite of their complications with their reproductive system, most of them seek for an advice and try to compromise in order to attain and continue their sexual relationships with their significant other. However, due to overgeneralization and prejudice, many older adults are embarrassed to seek for help even to health professionals. Lochlainn and Kenny (2013) states that, â€Å"5% of older women volunteered their sexual problems during office visits, 85. 3% of men with erectile dysfunction wanted help, but only 10. 4% mean received medical care. † Not many older adults seek for help because of the stigma that our society is impelling. Many providers underestimate patient risk, and lack the knowledge and comfort to discuss questions about sexual dysfunction or satisfaction with older patients (Langer-Most & Langer, 2010). Many patient providers do not have adequate training on how to approach the older adults’ issue because of the stigma. The doctors are embarrassed and they feel it is a humiliation to his/her profession when they open the sex issue for older adults. Additionally, older adults tend to be excluded from studies because many professionals that they have a lower chance of getting diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and a very low chance of getting pregnant. Thus, there have only been a few doctors that have enough knowledge when it comes educating older adults on how to compromise with their body or how to prevent of getting infected with sexual transmitted diseases. Media have also contributed with the ageism regarding with sexual relations among older adults. â€Å"[†¦] One reason for the negative attitudes of older person could be the media’s portrayal of the elderly as frail and asexual† (Lochlainn & Kenny, 2013). Many of the movies, and other shows displays that older adults are very sensitive and delicate. Thus, we overgeneralize that older adults does not have interest with sex. Social Actions The study among older adults that is being conducted nowadays is beginning to grow. Thus, it is a big start when it comes to social actions. Many professionals begin to take a step and start learning more about older adults’ lifestyle. There have been several studies that we have encountered when it comes to sexual relationships among older adults. Researchers have found ways and suggest several solutions. Since health professionals does not know how to approach older adults with this issue, Langer-Most and Langer (2010) suggests having a positive attitude regardless of their ethnicity, gender level, and age. Also, researchers have suggested on conducting educational programs for health professionals regarding with sexuality and aging. A resource fair conducted by SJSU is another social action for senior citizens, which they approach older adults and educate them about their body. Hartford Institute of Geriatric Nursing educates health practitioners and nurses on how to approach older adults when it comes to this sensitive matter. They know that it is significant to teach providers in order for the older adults to be more comfortable with their doctors. They conduct seminars to other hospitals to educate people in the health field. Most of all, many well-known universities such as SJSU embraced the geriatric field and educate many college students that most of the myths are not true when it comes to older generations. Sex is an important part in life, and we have to be sensitive and accept the fact that older adults tend to have sex, and it is part of the normal life. References Bradford, A. , and Meston, C. M. (2007). Senior Sexual Health: The Effects of Aging on Sexuality. Innovations In Clinical Practice: Focus on Sexual Health. 35-45. Connolly, M. , Breckman, R. , Callahan, J. , Lachs, M. , Ramsey-Klawsnik, H. , & Solomon, J. (2012). The Sexual Revolution’s Last Frontier: How Silence About Sex Undermines Health, Well-being, and Safety In Old Age. Generations. 36(3), 43-52. Kristen, M. PhD RN (2008). Myths of Aging. ARN Network. Langer-Most, O. , and Langer, Nieli. (2010). Aging and Sexuality: How Much Do Gynecologists Know and Care. Journal of Women and Aging. 22, 283-289. Doi:10. 1080/08952841. 2010. 518882 Lochlainn, M. N. , and Kenny, R. A. (2013). Sexual Activity On Aging. Journal Of The American Medical Directors Association. Doi:10. 1016/j. jamda. 2013. 01. 022 Wallace, M. PhD (2013). Best Practices in Nursing Care to Older Adults: Sexuality. Dermatology Nursing. 15(6).

In What Ways do Gender Relations Affect Work Organization and Management? Essay

With the influx of women into the workforce during the last 20 years, there has been increased attention to comparisons between men and women on a number of work-related attributes and behaviors. With this increased attention, there has also been some confusion about whether women and men differ to a significant degree, how much they differ, and whether these differences truly are meaningful regarding behavior at work. The principal goal of this work is to consider gender issues that affect work organisation and management. The discussion of gender and work which is included in this paper is selective in focusing mainly on recent research, in which the topic has been considered explicitly. The cases considered provide useful examples of the role of gender in work. The discussion uses definition of gender as ‘a system of culturally constructed identities, expressed in ideologies of masculinity and femininity, interacting with socially structured relationships in divisions of labour and leisure, sexuality and power between women and men’ (Nicolson, 1996. p. 54). Although women and men have always engaged in purposeful activity, the set of activities that many people consider work or employment is not always clear. Historically, men and women worked side by side together in the fields. Today, however, a distinction is made between paid, public work external to the family and unpaid, private work in the home. Each of these spheres of work has come to be sex-typed, with paid work being viewed by many as the domain of males and unpaid work in the home the domain of females. These perceptions are changing but are still deep-seated in many respects (Nicolson, 1996). Stereotyping involves generalizing beliefs about groups as a whole to members of those groups. For example, if you believe that older people are more likely to resist change than younger people, you may infer that an older person you have just met is likely to be rigid and to have a hard time adapting to changes. Through stereotyping, we can categorize people into groups on numerous demographic bases, including gender, race, age, religion, social class, and so forth, and our perceptions of specific individuals will be influenced by what we know or think we know about the group as a whole. Gender stereotypes are socially shared beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of men and women in general that influence our perceptions of individual men and women (Nicolson, 1996). The stereotype literature suggests that our general beliefs about groups of people can affect our assessments of individual group members (Biernat, 1991). Stereotypes can contribute to shared misperceptions of coworkers, job candidates, performance, and credentials (Haworth 90). Stereotypes not only affect the decisions we make about men and women but also affect self-perceptions, decisions, and choices made by those men and women. Furthermore, gender stereotypes can create a self-fulfilling prophecy, in the sense that both men and women may feel pressure to behave in ways that correspond to gender stereotypes. Thus, stereotypes can affect both how men and women behave in the workplace and how their behavior is perceived. In recent years, the influx of women into the workforce in general, and into nontraditional occupations in particular, has led to increased attention in the popular media. One result of the recent profusion of books, magazine articles, and newspaper stories dealing with these topics is an increasing level of confusion about whether there are, in fact, sex or gender differences between women and men; or if there are such differences, in what ways (i.e., personality, skills, leadership, intelligence, etc.) men and women differ, how much they differ, and whether the differences really mean anything (Nicolson, 1996). Given our social expectations of men and women based on gender stereotypes, it is not surprising to observe some differences between men and women in numerous domains at work. For example, men and women differ in their expectations for success on specific tasks, and these expectations are related to achievement motivation on the task. This finding has been interpreted as meaning that women have lower expectations for success than men, and that is why they do not attempt new tasks or perform as well as men on subsequent tasks. However, an equally plausible explanation is that women face more barriers than men on the job, especially sex discrimination, and are less likely to be successful due in part to biased evaluations. Furthermore, women may take this into account when forming their expectations about occupations that do not require lengthy training programs or extensive time commitment. That is, success expectations for a woman may include an implicit assessment of the sexism within her current environment as well as an assessment of her ability to perform a given task (Haworth, 2004). There is evidence (from studies conducted in the 1970s and again in the 1990s) suggesting a small but consistent impact of gender stereotypes on work-related decisions and on men’s and women’s self-perceptions of their behavior, performance, and worth (including expectations for pay).However, the observed differences must be interpreted with much caution. One conclusion drawn from these differences is that women are deficient in some ways compared to men. It is easy to attribute the cause of such differences to internal, skill, personality, or biological explanations. The reliance on internal or person-based explanations inhibit and often precludes the search for equally compelling external, situation-based explanations for gender differences. Most behaviors that reflect gender differences are learned behaviors, and by labeling them as masculine and feminine, scientists may reinforce the association of that behavior with gender (Haworth, 2004). The positive expectations associated with physical attractiveness generalize beyond interpersonal relationships such as dating and marriage into the work setting. Perceptions of attractiveness have a moderate effect on perceptions of the person’s intellectual competence. The link between attractiveness and perceptions of intelligence appears to be similar for both men and women. However, attractiveness appears to have a stronger effect for women than for men on perceptions of job performance (Lewis & Bierlys, 1990). Applicants and employees with higher physical attractiveness are expected to do better work. Once completed, their work is evaluated more positively than identical work by less attractive individuals. In one study, highly attractive authors were evaluated as having better ideas, demonstrating better style, being more creative, and generally producing higher quality work. In the interviewing setting, if an interviewer believes that physical attractiveness is an important job attribute, then being attractive is an advantage. There is extensive research evidence that attractiveness positively influences entry-level employment decisions. Other research has shown few significant effects. Although there is some evidence to the contrary, physical attractiveness appears to interact with the sex-type of the job to influence work evaluations (Crompton, 1996. p. 8). Physical attractiveness is a positive feature for women when applying to lower level positions (e.g., clerical) but not for higher level positions (e.g., management), whereas physical attractiveness is advantageous for men in a wider range of positions. These advantages and disadvantages are similar for such work decisions as evaluations of applicant qualifications, hiring recommendations, starting salary, and rankings of hiring preferences (Nicolson, 1996. p. 68). At work, physical attractiveness is usually an advantage for women and men, but for women, there are limits to these positive consequences. Attractiveness is most beneficial for women working in traditional feminine areas or just entering an organization. However, when women enter more traditionally masculine work, physical attractiveness can be a liability (Biernat & Wortman, 1991. p. 4). One interpretation of these findings is that because women who are physically attractive are also perceived as more feminine (Aaltio, 2002, p. 55), the negative female stereotype of being less intelligent or competent may be activated or salient. Especially in masculine occupations where competence is of great perceived importance, attractive women may face discrimination. Workplace romance can influence organizational effectiveness in a number of ways, including the breakdown of the legitimacy of organizational promotions and structure, excessive transfers, and more terminations (Pierce et al., 1996). Especially when a romantic relationship involves a supervisor and a subordinate, it is likely to result in perceptions of favoritism and inequity concerning promotions among coworkers. When coworkers perceive such favoritism they can become both alienated from the work group (Pugh, 1997) and envious which can result in an imbalance of power within the organization (Grint, 2005). Furthermore, when the power structure within an organization breaks down, channels for advancement become closed off and promotion and raise decisions become distorted and unpredictable. When one investigates the basis for promotions and who is promoted, it is important to examine the values, informal guidelines, and norms surrounding such decisions. Therefore, the relationship between workplace romance and promotion decisions may depend, in part, on the culture of the organization. Should employees participating in a workplace romance be transferred or relocated? Managers appear to perceive job relocation as a reasonable intervention to workplace romance (Pierce, Byrne & Aguinis, 1996. p.7) especially when employees engage in such behavior against formal organizational policy. Furthermore, employees might expect such transfers as a consequence. Some experts (Andrews & Knoke, 1999) suggest that management should offer relocation as one option for couples to consider. However, female participants are more frequently relocated than males, and fewer of these women occupy top-level management or higher status positions. Therefore, organizational relocation decisions in situations of workplace romance may be discriminatory based on the employees’ gender or organizational positions. The decision to terminate or dismiss an employee because of his or her involvement in a workplace romance may also be viewed as a detrimental managerial action, one representing a punitive form of organizational intervention. Yet employees are often dismissed for participating in a workplace romance. Furthermore, a female participant is more likely to be terminated than a male participant, the participant who is lower in status or less â€Å"valuable† to the organization is more often terminated, and extramarital affairs are more likely to result in employee termination as compared to other types of affairs. However, there is a need to identify managerial prejudices and inequitable decisions based on gender, so that if terminations are made within the context of workplace romance, an employee is terminated based on poor performance rather than gender or organizational status (Haworth, 2004). Our personal physical attractiveness plays a tremendous role in our interactions with others in our work lives. There is evidence that attractiveness influences what people expect from us, how people respond to us, and what decisions we make are made about us. Yet many organizational texts do not address this topic. We believe that physical attractiveness is a pivotal factor in the development of relationships, friendships, and romances in the workplace. Furthermore, these relationships greatly shape men’s and women’s experiences of work (Haworth, 2004). The physical attractiveness stereotype is generally, â€Å"What is beautiful is good.† This view appears to hold for younger and older persons and for men and women. Yet the stereotype is subtle, and often we deny its influence on our behavior. Attractiveness appears to influence the expectations we have about each other including intelligence, interpersonal skills, honesty, and guilt or innocence of a crime. Furthermore, attractiveness appears to influence a number of work-related decisions including hiring decisions, work evaluations, interview ratings, and salaries (Pierce, Byrne & Aguinis, 1996). Physical attractiveness is a key factor in interpersonal attraction and liking as well as in the development of romantic relationships at work. Although such factors as propinquity, familiarity, attitude similarity, and reciprocity of liking are important, an attractive individual is more likely to engage in interpersonal relationships than a less attractive individual. Furthermore, interpersonal attraction is one antecedent of sexually intimate relationships including romantic relationships at work. Workplace romances appear to be increasing among American workers. The rise seems to be associated with greater acceptance of office dating, especially among coworkers (less so between a manager and subordinate), and organizational cultures that convey more liberal attitudes about the appropriateness of such behavior. There are numerous outcomes or consequences of workplace romances, and such outcomes may depend, in part, on the type of romance occurring: true love, the fling, or a utilitarian relationship. More negative coworker and organizational reactions occur with utilitarian relationships, followed by flings and true love. Although workplace romances can promote perceptions of inequity among coworkers and increased legal liability for the organization, these reactions are usually is associated with manager-subordinate romances and perceptions of sexual harassment (Pierce, Byrne & Aguinis, 1996). The central argument of this paper is that gender relations are constitutive of the structure and practices of organizations and that this is key to understanding how men define and dominate organizations. These gendered processes operate on many levels, from the explicit and institutional to the more subtle, cultural forms that are submerged in organizational decisions, even those that appear to have nothing to do with gender (Crompton, 1996. p. 60). They include the way men’s influence is embedded in rules and procedures, formal job definitions and functional roles. For example, the structure of a management career, based on men’s experiences, needs and life-cycle patterns, assumes a history of continuous, full-time employment. Or the way in which gender is mapped onto organizational authority resulting in a sexual division of labor whereby it is prescribed that women are better suited to personnel management than other management functions. References Aaltio, Iiris. (2002). Gender, Identity and the Culture of Organizations. Routledge: London. Andrews, S.B. & Knoke, D. (eds) (1999). Networks in and around Organizations, Stamford, Conn.: JAI Press. Biernat M., & Wortman C. B. (1991). â€Å"Sharing of home responsibilities between professionally employed women and their husbands.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61. Crompton, Rosemary. (1996). Changing Forms of Employment: Organisations, Skills, and Gender. Routledge: New York. Grint, K. (2005). The Sociology of Work, 3rd edn, Cambridge: Polity Press. Haworth, John T. (2004). Work and Leisure. Routledge: New York. Lewis K. E., & Bierly M. (1990). â€Å"Toward a profile of the female voter: Sex differences in perceived physical attractiveness and competence of political candidates†. Sex Roles, 22. Nicolson, Paula. (1996). Gender, Power, and Organization: A Psychological Perspective. Routledge: New York. Pierce C. A., Byrne D., & Aguinis H. (1996). â€Å"Attraction in organizations: A model of workplace romance†. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17. Pugh, D.S. (1997). Organization Theory: Selected Readings, 4 edn, thLondon: Penguin.

Theme Essy Essay Example

Macbeth/Theme Essy Essay Example Macbeth/Theme Essy Essay Macbeth/Theme Essy Essay Takierra Garth Block 50 March 13 2013 (Macbeth/Theme Essy) In the begging where it started off with three creepy witches cackling as they were discussing when theyll meet again, and decide to hook up When the hurly-burlys done, when the battles lost and won. (line 3-4) The implication is that theyve been up to something really bad. They let the audience in on their plan to meet some guy name Macbeth. And then cut to post-battle, where we learn that this Macbeth has been kicking serious tail in battle so much that King Duncan has decided to give him the title Thane of Cawdor. Hes prancing home on a dark and stormy night after defending King Duncan in battle with some skilled enemy-disemboweling. Understandably, hes feeling pretty good about himself. The witches then call out to Graymalkin and Paddock, or spirits that serve the witches. All three witches start to say, Fair is foul and foul is fair(line10-11) before going back about their business. Just then, him and his good friend Banquo run into three bearded witches who rhymingly prophesy that Macbeth will be named Thane of Cawdor and King of Scotland. Just as Banquo is curious about his knowing what he will become. And then they begin to say â€Å"lesser than Macbeth and greater but not so much happy, yet much happier thou shalt get kings. Though thou be none†. (line 65-68) And what they mean by that is he will be fortunate than Macbeth and be father to a long line of future kings of Scotland though he will not be king himself. The next thing we know, a guy named Ross shows up to say that, since the old Thane of Cawdor turned out to be a traitor and is about to have his head chopped off and displayed on a pike, so Macbeth gets to take his place as Thane of Cawdor then that takes care of the first prophecy. His ambitious wife, Lady Macbeth, prods him into acting like a man and killing King Duncan when the poor guy comes to Macbeths castle for a friendly visit. When Macduff finds the kings dead body, Macbeth kills the guards and conveniently accuses them of murdering the king. King Duncans two sons, Donalbain and Malcolm, find out what happened, then they ends up leaving out of Scotland so they cant be murdered too. Macbeth is now named king of Scotland. Now Macbeth starts to worry about the witchs prophecy that Banquos heirs will be kings. Macbeths not about to let someone throw him off the throne so, he hires some hit-men name Fleance to take care of Banquo and his son. Banquo is murdered, but Fleance escapes. As Banquo and Fleance live, his mind is full of scorpions. Lady Macbeth states that everybody dies, which may be a warning to Macbeth to cool it, or may be a self-reassurance that everyone has to go sometime, so her husband might as well murder their friend and his kid. At a park near the palace, the two murderers are joined by a third. Only a bit of light remains in the sky. Banquo and Fleance approach on horseback and dismount to walk the mile to the palace, as usual. Banquo starts up with a friendly conversation and is promptly stabbed. While being stabbed, he encourages Fleance to run away and eventually take revenge. In the meantime, the torch has gone out, and Fleance takes advantage of the darkness to escape. With Banquo dead and Fleance on the run, the murderers head off to the dinner party to report the half of the job theyve done.

Back-to-School Student Questionnaire

Back-to-School Student Questionnaire One of the challenges of starting a new school year is getting acquainted with your students. Some students are friendly and talkative right away, while others may be shy or reserved. Provide students with a back-to-school questionnaire to learn more about each student in your class. You can also combine student questionnaires with other icebreakers during the first week of school. Sample Student Questions The following questions are some examples to consider including in your own questionnaire. Modify the questions to suit your students grade level. If you need a second opinion, run your questionnaire draft by an administrator or a fellow teacher. You dont need to have students answer every question, though you might want to give them an incentive to participate. And remember, students want to get to know you better, too- so fill out a questionnaire of your own and distribute it. Personal Details What is your full name?Do you like your name? Why or why not?Do you have a nickname? If so, what is it?When is your birthday?Do you have any siblings? If so, how many?Do you have any pets? If so, tell me about them.Who is your favorite relative? Why? Future Goals What career do you hope to have?Do you want to go to college? Why or why not?If you want to go to college, which one do you want to attend?Where do you see yourself in five years? Ten years?Do you plan to stay in this area or move away? Specific Information About This Class What do you think about [the grade level and/or subject matter you teach]?What concerns, if any, do you have about this class?What do you hope to learn in this class?What grade are you striving to earn in this class? This Year in School What are you most looking forward to this year?What are you least looking forward to this year?Which school clubs are you planning to participate in this year?What extracurricular activities do you plan to join this year- such as sports, theater, or band?Do you think that you learn better by seeing, hearing, or doing something?Do you consider yourself well organized?Where do you typically do your homework?Do you like to listen to music while you do schoolwork? Free Time Who are your friends in this class?What do you like to do in your free time?What are your hobbies?Whats your favorite type of music?Whats your favorite TV show?Whats your favorite type of movie? (For example, you might choose thrillers, romantic comedies, or horror movies.) Why do you like that genre? More About You Whats your favorite color?If you could invite three famous people to dinner, who would they be and why?What do you think is the most important quality that a teacher can have?Five adjectives that describe me are:If you were given a first-class ticket to travel anywhere in the world, where would you go and why?

Are legislatures always weaker than executives Essay

Are legislatures always weaker than executives - Essay Example Fundamentally, the legislative arm of the government has had two inherent contradictory roles: sustaining the executive and holding them to account between electoral cycles. Even though the legislative role of sustaining the executive is not in doubt, parliamentary oversight seems to be a poorly coordinated task that often lets the executive off the hook. Noteworthy, the nexus between sustaining the government and the task of challenging it and holding it to task opens a Pandora box full of fallacious fantasies – a fallacious inequity that, no doubt, tilts the balance of power towards the executive. Despite the wide adoption of democratic principles of governance across nations, an understanding that has significantly strengthened accountability and transparency mecha ­nisms with regard to promotion of evidence-informed policy processes, legislatures remain comparatively weaker in relation to the executive in terms of raw power necessary to effect immediate leadership challe nges. The Executive and Parliament: A Historical Perspective The impact of constitutional structures with regards to their political behavior and performance is central in the study of comparative governments. In particular, understanding the balance power between the executive and the legislature in either the parliamentary or presidential systems has been an area of focus in political research (Mustapic, 2002). Structured governmental control stems much from the historical politics of the mid- and late nineteenth century. Designed at a time when the role of government was limited in scope, the convention of superiority of the executive power over the legislature indeed antedates the modern presidential and parliamentary systems of governments. From inception to the present day politics, there is no pretense that executive autonomy bears much capacity and capability to remedy or compensate for social ills on its own without parliaments’ approval. In his submission on the sub ject, Bagehot, a British economist and journalist, referred to the convention of executive authority as the ‘buckle’ and the lynch-pin in the Whitehall-Westminster model (Flinders, 2002). Though modest in both size and ambition at the time, it was reasonable for a competent minister to have a personal control over small departmental portfolios in the mid-Victorian state. Strikingly similar, governmental administration in the first quarter of the nineteenth century fell under ministerial responsibility. But even then as is it to date, the powers vested in a ministerial mandate were highly doubtful in terms of usage. Supporting the foregoing, Cobbett (1823) wrote: â€Å"Ankle-pinching socks are like ministerial powers; a thing to talk about but for no use; a thing to laugh over; and a mere mockery at those whom real power is vested†. Constitutions the world over are molded around the concept of responsible executive authority for strong and stable leadership. Nothi ng services this claim better than a two-branch debate that culminated in the creation of the United States Constitution – a model constitutional debate that has since served as a roadmap to numerous constitutions around the world. While the federalists such as Alexander Hamilton rooted for ‘

Human resources management Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human resources management - Research Proposal Example ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Introduction Multinational corporations utilize a number of HR practices in their management and operation processes as integral components of business administration. Human resource management is a broad field that encompasses a corporation’s personnel policy framework, HR planning, motivation and employee welfare schemes that constitutes the administration of an organization’s most crucial resources (Schuler and MacMillan, 1984, 241-55). In a nutshell, human resource management is the process through which the organization handles matters concerning personnel. Every organization has a duty to plan and organize its human resources in a manner that ensures that the organization attracts, retains, and motivates its human resources. The direct result of proper human resource management practice is the performance of organization; better HR practices lead to improved performance. However, human resource practices differ from organization to organization and are dependent on a number of factors that may include the scope, size, and type of the organization (Tichy et al, 1982, 47-61). As a result, in as much as the human resource management functions is a template for overall personnel and administration in business corporations there is no uniform approach that governs the vast field. Multinational corporations are business firms with branches in different countries and have operations in the expansive global market (Tiirbiorn, 1985, 52-74). These organizations have huge capacity and tend to involve numerous operations spread over the world. It is obvious that the HR practices of multinational corporations are much wider and complex than other organizations. It is also evident that human resource practices of different branches of a multinational corporation in diverse countries are dissimilar. Therefore, a multinational company that operates in two different countries has distinct HR practices and these practices have great influence on the running of the two companies (Tung, 1981, 215). This paper presents a proposed research on how the HR practices of a multinational company with operations in two countries (UK and Nigeria) differ as well as how these practices influences the operations of the company. Research Hypothesis The HR practices of an organization carrying out its operations in more than two countries are distinct in the sense that they are based on the different needs of the relevant countries of operation, and have a signif icant effect on the overall running of the companies (Lung, 1982, 57-71). Therefore, the human resourc